Educational resources for researchers — curated by the Phase 1 Peptides team. Peptide science, laboratory best practices, lab result interpretation, and more.
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A research-focused primer on BPC-157 — its discovery, proposed mechanism of action, stability properties, and why it's commonly studied alongside TB-500.
Read article →A research primer on retatrutide — mechanism as a triple GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist, how it differs from tirzepatide, and stability considerations.
Read article →GHK-Cu research primer: structural chemistry, copper coordination, HPLC purity and LC-MS analytical behavior, solubility, reconstitution, and storage for laboratory use.
Read article →A research primer on TB-500 — the synthetic thymosin β-4 fragment, its actin-sequestration mechanism, research applications in cellular migration and tissue repair models, and why it is commonly studied alongside BPC-157.
Read article →A research primer on MOTS-c — the mitochondrial-encoded peptide, its AMPK-activating mechanism, role in metabolic homeostasis and cellular stress response, and current research applications.
Read article →A research primer on Semax — the synthetic ACTH(4-7) fragment, BDNF and NGF upregulation mechanism, neuroprotective research applications, and laboratory handling for the intranasal research compound.
Read article →A research primer on combining CJC-1295 (GHRH analog) with Ipamorelin (selective GHRP) — mechanism of dual-receptor growth hormone stimulation, comparison of DAC vs No DAC variants, and research protocol context.
Read article →A research primer on Selank — the synthetic tuftsin analog, its GABAergic and BDNF-mediated mechanisms, anxiolytic-profile research applications, and how it differs from and complements Semax in neuropeptide research.
Read article →A research primer on Epitalon — the synthetic tetrapeptide derived from epithalamin, its reported telomerase-activating mechanism, published longevity and aging-model research, and laboratory handling.
Read article →A research primer on NAD+ — its role as a redox coenzyme, the SIRT1/SIRT3 and PARP1 pathways it activates, why NAD+ levels decline in aging cell models, and how NMN and NR are studied as precursors.
Read article →A research primer on sermorelin — the native-sequence GHRH(1-29) peptide, how its short half-life produces pulsatile GH release, its mechanistic differences from CJC-1295, and its use in GH axis and somatotroph research models.
Read article →A research primer on SS-31 (elamipretide) — the synthetic tetrapeptide that targets the inner mitochondrial membrane via cardiolipin binding, its proposed mechanism for reducing oxidative stress and preserving ATP synthesis, and research applications in ischemia, aging, and mitochondrial dysfunction models.
Read article →A research primer on glutathione (GSH) — the tripeptide antioxidant, its thiol-based redox mechanism, the glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase cycle, how GSH decline is studied in aging models, and laboratory handling for research use.
Read article →A research primer on tesamorelin — the full 44-residue GHRH analog with N-terminal fatty acid modification, its GHRH receptor signaling mechanism, published clinical research context, and comparison to sermorelin and CJC-1295.
Read article →A research primer on 5-amino-1MQ — the cell-permeable NNMT inhibitor that redirects nicotinamide flux toward NAD+ biosynthesis by blocking nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, its mechanistic distinction from direct NAD+ precursors, and published research applications.
Read article →A research primer on DSIP — the nonapeptide first isolated from rabbit cerebral venous blood during slow-wave sleep, its sequence, documented blood-brain barrier permeability, and research applications in sleep architecture, HPA axis, and neuromodulatory studies.
Read article →A research primer on mazdutide (IBI362) — the once-weekly synthetic GLP-1R/GCGR dual agonist, its receptor pharmacology on the incretin and glucagon axes, comparison to tirzepatide and retatrutide, and published clinical research context.
Read article →A research primer on cagrilintide — the once-weekly synthetic amylin analog, its amylin receptor pharmacology (calcitonin receptor + RAMP complexes), structural modifications enabling weekly dosing, and its research context as a standalone amylin-axis tool and as part of the CagriSema GLP-1/amylin combination.
Read article →A dedicated research primer on ipamorelin — the selective pentapeptide ghrelin-receptor agonist, its GHS-R1a mechanism, receptor selectivity advantages over first-generation GHRPs, half-life profile, and common research applications.
Read article →Kisspeptin research primer: KISS1-encoded peptides, KISS1R receptor activation, GnRH neuron signaling, HPG-axis context, and analytical handling notes.
Read article →Side-by-side research comparison of semaglutide and tirzepatide — mechanism, receptor activity, half-life, and stability considerations for laboratory use.
Read article →A comparative overview of the major GLP-1 receptor agonist research peptides — receptor target profiles, half-life and dosing windows, mechanistic distinctions, and how to select the right analog for a given research design.
Read article →A comparative overview of the three primary GHRH analog research peptides — sermorelin (native 1-29 sequence), CJC-1295 (stabilized 1-29 with optional DAC), and tesamorelin (full 44-aa with fatty acid) — covering sequence differences, half-life, pulsatility, and research design selection.
Read article →A comparative overview of the four primary mitochondria-focused research compounds — MOTS-c (mtDNA-encoded peptide), SS-31 (cardiolipin-targeting tetrapeptide), NAD+ (sirtuin/PARP cosubstrate), and glutathione (redox antioxidant) — covering their distinct mechanisms, research applications, and complementary roles.
Read article →A comparative overview of three CNS neuropeptide research compounds — Semax (ACTH-derived, BDNF/dopaminergic), Selank (tuftsin-derived, GABAergic/anxiolytic), and DSIP (nonapeptide, BBB-permeable, sleep architecture/HPA axis) — covering their distinct mechanisms and research applications.
Read article →A comparative overview of three peptides most frequently investigated in wound healing and tissue repair research models — BPC-157, TB-500 (Thymosin Beta-4), and GHK-Cu — including mechanism matrices and laboratory protocol notes.
Read article →A comparative overview of the four most frequently studied growth hormone releasing peptides — ipamorelin, GHRP-6, GHRP-2, and hexarelin — covering GHS-R1a pharmacology, cortisol/prolactin selectivity, structural differences, and research application contexts.
Read article →A technical reference describing how lyophilized research peptides are reconstituted with bacteriostatic water in standard laboratory settings — including concentration calculations, vial handling, and stability considerations for downstream research applications.
Read article →A technical deep dive on peptide storage — lyophilized vs reconstituted stability, freeze-thaw cycles, bacteriostatic water shelf life, and real-world degradation factors.
Read article →A laboratory reference on bacteriostatic water — its 0.9% benzyl alcohol formula, how benzyl alcohol suppresses microbial growth, why it extends reconstituted peptide vial life, and standard handling protocols for research labs.
Read article →A comprehensive half-life reference for research peptides — covering GLP-1 analogs, GHRH analogs, GHRPs, neuropeptides, mitochondrial peptides, tissue repair peptides, and small molecules — with notes on how half-life affects study timing and dosing interval design.
Read article →A practical guide to calculating peptide solution concentrations — converting between mass, moles, and molar concentration units, preparing stock and working solutions from lyophilized peptides, and performing serial dilutions for in vitro research assays.
Read article →How independent third-party analytical laboratories verify HPLC purity and LC-MS molecular identity for research peptides — testing methodology, result interpretation, and analytical documentation standards.
Read article →How to read a COA, what HPLC and mass spectrometry results mean, and how to verify identity, purity, and net peptide content for your batch.
Read article →Learn to read and verify a research peptide Certificate of Analysis. Covers HPLC purity, LC-MS identity confirmation, in-house vs. third-party COAs, red flags, and batch-level documentation.
Read article →A practical guide to interpreting HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) chromatograms and purity percentages on research peptide Certificates of Analysis — including what the retention time, peak area, and impurity peaks mean.
Read article →A technical guide to trifluoroacetate (TFA) content in synthetic peptides — why TFA is introduced during HPLC analysis and solid-phase synthesis, how it appears on a COA, and what it means for HPLC purity percentages and research use.
Read article →A technical guide to LC-MS (liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry) identity verification for research peptides — how the instrument measures molecular weight, how to read m/z values and charge states on a Certificate of Analysis, and how LC-MS differs from HPLC purity testing.
Read article →What HPLC and LC-MS measure, how each result appears on a research peptide COA, and why both analytical methods are used together in batch documentation.
Read article →A clear explanation of what Research Use Only (RUO) means for synthetic peptides — covering documentation standards, analytical testing, storage and handling protocols, and what RUO does not imply about product use.
Read article →A structured checklist for reviewing research peptide COA documentation — covering product name, lot number, test date, HPLC purity, LC-MS identity, appearance, and what a COA can and cannot confirm in a laboratory research context.
Read article →Proper storage temperatures, handling protocols, and environmental controls that maintain peptide integrity and stability across research workflows.
Read article →A laboratory research guide to peptide chemical stability — covering lyophilized storage, temperature and moisture exposure, reconstitution considerations, degradation signals, and how COA documentation relates to stability in an RUO research context.
Read article →A laboratory research guide to diluent selection for synthetic peptides — covering bacteriostatic water, sterile water, and DMSO, with context on solubility, stability, and how handling documentation relates to diluent decisions in research settings.
Read article →An introduction to peptides, how they differ from proteins, how they are synthesized using SPPS, and why they are valuable tools in modern research.
Read article →A clear explanation of lyophilization (freeze-drying) — the industrial process used to preserve research peptides, why it extends shelf life, what the resulting powder form means for reconstitution and storage, and how to handle lyophilized materials correctly.
Read article →Still have questions?